The Deity of Jesus: An Answer to Jehovah's Witnesses

THE DEITY OF JESUS CHRIST

AN ANSWER TO JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES

Introduction

The person and work of Jesus Christ, according to the Bible is the center of the gospel, salvation, Christianity and the Church. Therefore, the whole point of Christianity, whether it be the Christian doctrine, life, hope or character, is determined by who Jesus is and by what he does. Quoting the writing of James Danny, William Evans in his book The Great Doctrines of the Bible Writes:

From the beginning to the end, in all its various phrase and aspects and elements, the Christian faith and life is determined by the person and work of Christ. It owes its life and character at every point to Him. Its convictions are convictions about Him. Its hopes are hopes which he had inspired and which it is for him to fulfill. Its ideas are born of His teaching and His life. Its strength is the strength of His Spirit.[1]

Therefore, failing to know and believe the true being of Jesus Christ, the Lord is a serious danger. Without Him the whole universe is dead and chaos, the gospel is dead and powerless, the Christian belief and life are pointless, and the church is meaningless. Those who fail to hold the true Jesus of the Bible like Jehovah’s Witnesses are in a serious danger, and their faith is without Biblical support, because the Jesus they claim to follow is totally different from the one presented in the Bible.

The Relationship between Jehovah’s Witnesses and Arius

Jehovah’s Witnesses are commonly believed to be Arians. Therefore it is will be good to see how similar and different the two are. Are Jehovah’s Witnesses truly Arians?

The answer is both yes and no. Just as the Witnesses have a lot in common with Arius with regard to the person of Jesus, they also have a lot of difference on this same doctrine.  Arius of Alexandria, in the fourth century denied the full deity of Jesus Christ, and taught that Jesus had a beginning. He claimed that Jesus was the first creation of God. A council was called before Arius’ teaching could divide the church in 325 AD, and Arius was deposed. The Witnesses also believe this same heresy and therefore they are Arians with this regard.  Homer Duncan in his book Heart to Heart Talks with Jehovah’s Witnesses shows the relationship between Arius’ doctrine and the Witnesses teaching.

In recent years (beginning with C. T. Russell, 1870-1916) THE WATCHTOWER BIBLE AND TRACT SOCIETY of Brooklyn, New York, has been successful in reviving the Arian heresy… the WATCHTOWER teaches that since Jesus is a creature of God, he is not eternal and, therefore, is not equal with God.[2]

In this regard, the Witnesses are Arians.

However, the Witnesses and Arius of Alexandria are not completely similar nor are the Witnesses a continuation of the Arian heresy. Kim Lawrence James in his Thesis on the Witnesses’ doctrine of the person of Jesus Christ compares and contracts the belief of both the Witnesses and Arius throughout the thesis. Some of the differences can be easily identified from the thesis. For example both believe that Jesus was the first creation of God. However, Arius believes the Holy Spirit was a person and that He is the first creation of Jesus while Witnesses believe that Holy Spirit is the active power of God.[3] Both the Witnesses and Arius believe in the humanity of Jesus while he was on the earth. However, Arius believed that Jesus had to work towards his perfection as far as sinfulness is concerned, while the Witnesses believed that Jesus was perfect and that he was sinless.[4] In addition Arius believed that Jesus did not posses “human reasoning faculty” while the Witnesses believed every part of Jesus was human including his “reasoning faculty” while he was on earth.[5] Both the Witnesses and Arius believed that Jesus was rewarded with immortality by God. However, Arius believed Jesus was rewarded while on earth, while the witnesses believed that the reward taken place after the resurrection.[6] Therefore, the Jehovah’s Witnesses are Arians in some points and they are not in other points. In any ways, both of them openly deny the full deity of Jesus Christ.

According to the Witnesses doctrine Jesus Christ passed through different changes as far as His personality is concerned, but He was never a deity at any point. In their doctrine Jesus was first created by God the almighty and became an archangel; later he was born of virgin Marry and became a human being. After His death, His body was deposed by God and only His spirit resurrected from death. Now Jesus is the archangel Michael again and living as a spirit. In 1914, Jesus had returned to the world, and he is gradually taking full control of the whole world. The purpose of this paper is not only to show the false fullness of this doctrine, but to point the deity of Jesus at every point of the stages.

Jehovah’s Witnesses’ Doctrine on the Person of Christ

Jesus Before His Incarnation

Anthony Hoekemia in his book Jehovah’s Witnesses states three points about the Witnesses’ belief on the state of Jesus before His coming to earth as a man. 1. He was the first creature of Jehovah. 2. He was an angel, and 3. He was some type of god.[7] According to the Witnesses therefore, Jesus was some type of god created by the almighty God to be an angel. He is not the almighty God Himself, but He is just a mighty and smaller God.

The Jehovah’s Witnesses teach that Jesus is a created being. As Irvine Robertson, the author of What the Cults Believe points out, the Jehovah’s Witnesses believe in three stages of creation. Jesus was created first as the only begotten son and in such a way God became the Father. Next to Jesus, the angels were created, and finally the heavens and the earth were created.[8] Therefore, according to the Witnesses, except for God Himself everything and being (including Jesus Christ) is a creation.

To back their doctrine with some biblical verses, the Witnesses quote Col. 1:15 and Rev. 3:14 as their major support. For them both of these verses indicate the creation of Jesus before anything else because in Col 1:15 the Bible calls Jesus as the “firstborn over all creation,” and again in Rev 3:14 Jesus addresses Himself as “the beginning of the creation of God.”

These false teachers, in addition to the above doctrine, they identify Jesus as an angel. However, according to them, He is not a lay angel. As Hoekemia points out, “… during his pre-human state, the son was really an angle. Previous to the son’s coming to the earth as man He was not known as Jesus Christ, but as [the archangel] Michael.”[9] Since Jesus is an angel, the only difference between Jesus and the other angles is that of a degree, not of a kind.[10]

The verses they quote to prove their doctrine are really shallow and illogical. For them the angel Michael is Jesus because in Daniel 12:1 Michael is said to be a ruler of God’s people as the end the tribulation period. Since Jesus will reign at the end of the great tribulation, Michael and Jesus are the same. The NIV translates Daniel 12: 1 as “At that time Michael, the great prince who protects your people, will arise.” The Jehovah’s Witnesses translate “will rise” as “began to reign as King”.[11] Since no one else other than Jesus will reign at the end of the great tribulation Jesus and Michael must be the same person.

According to this cult, not only is Jesus a creation and an angel, but also he is some type of God. Since the Bible clearly states the fact of Jesus’ Divinity, the Witnesses have to come up with some kind of explanation to save their doctrine from contradiction. In his book The Kingdom of Cults, Walter R. Martin shows the explanation they made base on John 1:1. The first verse of the Gospel of John has three sentences. (i.e “In the beginning was the word.”, “and the word was with God” and “and the word was God”). The word God is mentioned twice in this verse, i.e. in the second and the third sentences. In the original text (i.e. the Greek New Testament), the first one has a definite article. Therefore, the verse reads like “and the word was with [the] God.”  However the third sentence has neither a definite nor an indefinite article. (In fact the Greek language does not have an indefinite article). The omission of the definite article, according to them, shows the difference between the first one and the second. Therefore, the third phrase should be translated like “and the word was a god.”[12]  The logical conclusion is that Jesus must be a lesser God since there is only one almighty God.

Jesus During His Incarnation

Jehovah’s Witnesses have their own teaching about the being of Jesus during his humanity. Like that of the Evangelicals, they believe in the virgin birth of Jesus Christ.[13] However, it was the angle Michael who was conceived in the womb of Mary.[14] One thing that should be noticed here is that the whole being of the archangel Michael was not conceived since Jesus completely stopped being a spirit when He became a man. What was transferred into the womb of Mary was not the spirit of the angle but “the life, personality and life pattern of the angel”.[15] Their conclusion is, thus, the archangel Michael was born of a virgin at the incarnation as the Lord Jesus Christ.

The archangel, according to them, had only one nature when he became a baby boy – Jesus Christ at the incarnation. Therefore, the Evangelicals doctrine that Jesus was/is both Deity and human at the same time is totally unacceptable to them. He was not God-man when he was on the earth and after. He was man and man alone instead. In fact as Hoekemia says, they think that “he stopped being a spirit person [when he was born of Marry] and became a man – nothing more than a man.”[16]

Jesus at and after His Resurrection

In addition to the above, the witnesses err in their doctrine regarding the being of Jesus Christ at the time of His resurrection and the manner of His second coming.  As to the resurrection of Jesus, they openly deny the bodily resurrection of the Lord Jesus Christ. Quoting from one of the Witnesses’ books, Let God Be True, Josh McDowell and Don Stewart, the authors of The Deceivers put the whole philosophy of Jesus’ resurrection as a spirit being in a simple way, “so the king Jesus was to put to death in the flesh and was raised an invisible spirit creature.”[17] Hoekemia on the other hand records the reason behind this belief of the Jehovah’s Witnesses. According to the Witnesses, Jesus had to sacrifice His physical body permanently to atone the sin of Adam, and therefore, there is no room for the resurrection of His physical body. Thus God raised Him as a spirit[18].

Since they deny the resurrection of Jesus’ physical body, Robert Morey, one of the famous Christian apologists, in his online presentation concludes, “the Jesus of Jehovah’s Witnesses is dead. He is not worthy of our love and he cannot save us.”[19] Indeed as Vincent Mccan, one of the literature contributors for the website of Spotlight Ministry said the body of Jesus was “dissolved into its constituent elements or atoms.”[20] The sad thing is that the Witnesses themselves are not very sure about this doctrine they themselves made. As quoted by McDowell and Stewart, Russell, the founder of this cult had written, “whether it was dissolved into gasses or whether it is still preserved somewhere as a grad memorial of God’s love, of Christ’s obedience, and of our redemption, no one knows.”[21] It seems that the Witnesses have a logical reason for their belief in the disappearance of the Lord’s body. P. E. Hewitte mentions the reason in his book of Russellism Exposed based on the writings of Russell and Rutherford, the fathers of the Witnesses. It “would have been insurmountable obstacle to the faith of the disciples”[22] if the Lord’s body had remained in the tomb. The truth that Jesus had appeared in a physical body to the disciples after the resurrection cannot be held against this doctrine according to the Witnesses because the physical body that had appeared the disciples was “a merely materialized flesh and blood to be seen and believed.”[23] This “merely materialized body didn’t stay with Jesus or go out of doors, but simply disappeared or dissolved into some elements from which he [Jesus] created them few moments before.”[24] Being amazed at this unbiblical Jesus of the witnesses and their doctrine McCann writes, it is:

Incredible that the Jehovah’s Witnesses arrived at these conclusions, especially when one considers the massive amount of Biblical evidence to show that Jesus was raised in His actual body … it is equally incredible that Jehovah’s Witnesses cannot point to a single scripture that supports their belief that Jehovah God disposed of Jesus’ body in some way.[25]

This dangerous doctrine of Jesus’ resurrection led the Witnesses even to another dangerous doctrine. For them Jesus Christ is no more a human being. He is or was the archangel Michael again instead. As Hoekemia said they think “the life which Christ enjoys is not human life, the life of a divine person with a human nature, but the angelic life – life as a spirit creature called Michael.”[26] So there is no “real continuity” between the human state of Jesus and His post-resurrection state, for he is not a human being anymore after his resurrection.[27]

Jesus and His Second Coming

At the second coming the being and state of Jesus won’t be changed according to the Witnesses’ Doctrine and therefore His coming will not be physical. In the doctrine they hold up, the very meaning of Christ’s return is perverted. For them

“… the ‘return’ or ‘second presence’ of Jesus Christ simply means that Christ, who had been sitting at the Father’s right hand in heaven since his accession, now ascends the throne of his kingdom at the Father’s right hand in heaven. The ‘return’ of Christ … exclusively heavenly transaction consisting merely in Christ’s exchanging an ordinary seat at the father’s right hand for a throne”.[28]

Therefore, Jesus will not come leaving the heaven at his second coming. In fact, as Walter R. Martin in his book, The Kingdome of Cults, Clarifies it, there is no way for Jesus to return physically since He had not physical body after His return.[29] “His coming will be quietly … and entirely unknown to the world … He will come invisibly … and will be revealed gradually … His church cannot see him with the natural eye … however, his coming in understood by the faithful …”[30]

According to the Witnesses the coming of Jesus is not a hope to occur in the future, but it has already occurred. As Kevin Quick pointed out, it is believed that Jesus returned to the earth in 1914, and his manner of coming was “secret” and “invisible.”[31] Before 1914, the Witnesses expected a visible return of the Lord. However, since Jesus did not visibly come on the year as they prophesized, they made up this explanation about the second coming of the Lord.[32] Now the coming can be recognized and seen only “through ‘the spiritual eyes’ of the Jehovah’s Witnesses organization.”[33]

The logical conclusion of the above paragraph is that the coming of the Lord is not a hope to be looked for by Christians. The Lord has already returned. He is ruling the whole world in His spirit, and everything is being submitted gradually. There is nothing to wait and hope for in the future as long as the Second Advent is concerned.[34] Therefore the Evangelicals belief of the second coming of Jesus is none other than false prophecy.

As it is clearly pointed out above, the Jesus of Jehovah’s Witnesses is totally unbiblical. He was not a God before His “pre-humanity” – but a lesser god created to be an angel Michael. He was born of a virgin indeed as the deceivers claim, but never had two natures – the nature of God and man. He was man and man alone instead. The Witnesses again believe that He was crucified to pay the wage of the sinners, and His spirit was raised up from death. But His physical body was either disposed or hidden by God. His coming is believed and accepted in their doctrine, but it is not a Christian hope any more. He has already come secretly.

Biblical Teaching on the Person of Jesus Christ

As pointed out above, the Jehovah’s Witnesses believed in a Jesus that is not deity but the archangel Michael, who became a mere man on earth, whose physical body deposed after his death. During his resurrection, only his spirit resurrected and Jesus became the archangel Michael one more again. Since he is a spirit, there is no such thing as physical second coming of Jesus. In fact, the second coming has already occurred in spirit. Now, the false fullness of this doctrine will be discussed in the next few pages.

Jesus before His Incarnation

With regard to his personhood before the incarnation of Jesus, the Witnesses teach that Jesus was a created being to be a lesser god, and He is identified as Archangel Michael. However, the Bible does not present Jesus as a created being but as the God who created everything.

First, Col 1:15 does not teach the creation of Jesus by God before the creation of the universe. It is true that the verse teach that Jesus is the “first born before all creation,” but “first born” does not mean first created. As Kim Lawrence James pointed out the Greek word used for first born (prwtotokos) can indicate either “priority” or “primacy of position.” Therefore, according to James, interpreting the verse as meaning that Jesus was the first to be created is not the only option.[35] However, the context reveals the primacy of Jesus is the only possible interpretation. What the text is teaching in that passage is the supremacy of Jesus over all creation because He brought forth all the creation into existence.

Jesus is identified with the angle Michael in the Witnesses’ doctrine, and the major verse they have is Dan 12:1. For them, Dan 12:1 teaches that Michael will be ruling at the end, and therefore he must be Jesus since no one else is supposed to rule other than Jesus. However, the only thing Dan 12:1 is saying is that the angel Michael will stand up to aid God’s people at the end of the world. It does not teach that Michael will rule.[36] In fact, as Kim James pointed out Michael is inferior to another powerful angel because in Dan 11:1 another angel stood by Michael to strengthen him.[37]

Again, in the Witnesses doctrine, Jesus is said to be a mighty god but not the Almighty God, and they find their biblical support in John 1:1. However, John 1:1 was a strong support for the deity of Christ. The Witnesses argument on this verse is that the third line of John 1:1 should be translated “and the word was a god” because the Greek text lucks definite article before the noun God.

First, it is impossible for the author of the Gospel of John to insert an article in front of God in the third line of John 1:1. The third line of the Greek text reads kai qeos hn o logos. In this Greek text the presence of a definite article (o) in front of (logos) indicates that logos is the subject of the sentence. Since hn is an intransitive verb, it cannot take a direct object but a predicate noun, and in this case the predicate noun is qeos. Now if there was a definite noun in front of qeos it would be impossible to tell which one is the subject and which one is the predicate noun. The grammar would not allow the insertion of a definite article in this situation or it would be a bad grammar. Walter Martin and Norman Klann in their book Jehovah of the Watchtower conclude that translating this text as “and the word was a god” “is both incorrect grammar and poor Greek since THEOS is the predicate nominative of was in the third sentence clause of the verse and must refer back to the subject, Word (LOGOS).”[38]

Second, there are many occasions in the New Testament passages where qeos without definite article rendered as God even in the New World Translation which is the Witnesses’ translation of the Bible. In this translation of the Bible the Witnesses contradict their own rule elsewhere in the New Testament.  Matt 5:9, 6:24, Luke 1:35, 78; John 1:6 … are a few examples where qeos without a definite article is rendered as God. After noticing this inconsistency Walter Martin and Norman Klann expose the truth behind the Witnesses translation. “The truth of the matter is this, that Jehovah’s Witnesses use and remove the articular emphasis whenever and wherever it suits their fancy regardless of grammatical laws to the contrary.”[39]

John 1:1 is a very strong verse that teaches the deity of Jesus Christ. Not only does it directly claim His deity, but it also shows that Jesus was with God from eternity past. The verses next to it also tell that He is not a creature, but the creator and originator of everything. Therefore before the incarnation Jesus was God.

Jesus during His Incarnation

During the incarnation, the Witnesses teach that Jesus became a perfect man. He lived as a man not as a God- man. It is true that Jesu lived as a perfect man while on earth, but the point of this paper is to prove that He was deity at the same time while He was on earth. In John 1:1 after claiming the deity of Jesus Christ, in that same chapter John tells that Jesus became a man (v. 14). Jesus did not cease to be a deity when He became a man but the Scripture tells that He was both man and God at the same time Col 1:19. In addition, Jesus Himself claimed to be one with God while He was on the earth (John 10:30).

Jesus after His Resurrection and His Second Coming

The Witnesses teaching on the person of Jesus after His resurrection is that Jesus’ body was deposed and His spirit was raised during the event of the resurrection. He became an angel one more again, and He returned as to the world as a spirit in 1914.

There are many reasons why Jesus remained deity after His resurrection and He will be the same forever. First, the Bible teaches that the Jesus of yesterday and today remains the same forever (Heb 13:8). Second, immutability is one of the essences of deity. If Jesus was deity before the incarnation, He is to remain deity forever. God cannot change. The resurrection and the coming back of Jesus do not change the nature of Jesus.

Conclusion: Jesus is Deity

The teaching of the Jehovah’s Witnesses is really confusing to a lot of people who do not know the Christian doctrine very well. Not only do they rob Jesus of His deity, but they give Him different nature and status at different stages. However, the Bible consistently teaches the deity of Jesus from eternity to eternity.

First, the Bible claims that Jesus is God. John 1:1 and Heb 1:8 directly call Jesus God, and God is always God. Second, the works Jesus did and His characters show that Jesus is God. He healed people, He raised dead people from death, and He forgave the sins of people. In addition, He used to know what people taught in their heart, He promised to be in the midst of people who gather together in his name. In short He is immutable, eternal, omnipotent, omniscient and omnipresent. Jesus is in fact deity.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Duncan, Homer. Heart to Heart Talks with Jehovah’s Witnesses. Lubbock, TX: Missionary            Crusader Inc., 1972.

Evans, William. The Great Doctrines of the Bible. Chicago: Moody Press, 1974.

Graham, Holt H. “Jehovah’s Witnesses”, Merit Student Encyclopedia, 1987 ed.

Gruss, Edmond C. We Left Jehovah’s Witnesses. Nutley, NJ. Presbyterian and reformed                            Publishing Company, 1975.

Hewitt, P. E. Russelism Exposed. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1949.

Hoekemia, Anthony A. Jehovah’s Witnesses. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans      Publishing company, 1972.

James, Kim Lawrence. “The Jehovah’s Witnesses’ Doctrine of the Person of Christ.”  PH. D.        thesis, Dallas Theological Seminary, 1968.

Martin, Walter R. The kingdom of Cults. Minneapolis, MN: Bethany Fellowship, Inc., 1974.

Martin, Walter R. & Klann, Norman. Jehovah of the Watchtower: A Through Expose of the                       Important Anti-Biblical Teachings of Jehovah’s Witnesses. New York, NY: Biblical    Truth Publishing Society, Inc., 1953.

McDowell, John & Stewart, Don. Understanding Cults. San Bernardino, CA: Here’s Life             Publishers, Inc., 1982.

McDowell, John & Stewart, Don. The Deceivers. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers,                     1984.

Robertson, Irvine. What the Cults Believe. Chicago: Moody Press, 1981.

Schnell, William J. Jehovah’s Witnesses’ Errors Exposed. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book             House, 1976.

Wellborn, Charles T. Religion in America. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co, 1975.

Articles

MaCGregor, Lorri. “Jehovah’s Witnesses and the Second Coming of Christ.” [on-line]. Accessed               7 Apr 2010. Available from http://www.ankerberg.org/Articles/_PDFArchives/apologetics/AP2W1001.pdf; Internet.

McCann, Vincent. “The Resurrection of Jesus: Raised Bodily or as a Spirit Creature?” [on-line].   Accessed 7 Apr 2010. Available from http://www.spotlightministries.org.uk/jwjesusres.htm; Internet.

Morey, Robert. “Jehovah’s Witnesses and the Resurrection of Jesus.” [on-line]. Accessed 7 Apr. 2010. Available from http://www.jude3.net/JWRES.HTM.

Quick, Kevin. “The Resurrection of Jesus: Raised Bodily or as a Spirit Creature?” [on-line].                      Accessed 7 April 2010. Available from     http://www.spotlightministries.org.uk/jwjesusres.htm; Internet.

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[1] William Evans, The Great Doctrines of the Bible (Chicago: Moody Press, 1974), 53.

[2] Homer Duncan, Heart to Heart Talks with Jehovah’s Witnesses (Lubbock: Missionary Crusader, 1972), 37.

[3] Kim Lawrence James, “The Jehovah’s Witnesses’ Doctrine of the Person of Christ” (PH. D. diss., Dallas Theological Seminary, 1968), 18.

[4] Ibid., 36.

[5] Ibid., 29.

[6] Ibid., 54.

[7] Antony Hoekemia, Jehovah’s Witnesses (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1972), 61-62.

[8] Irvine Robertson, What the Cults Believe (Chicago: Moody Press, 1981), 61-62.

[9] Hoekemia, Jehovah’s Witnesses, 61.

[10] Ibid., 61.

[11]James, “The Jehovah’s Witnesses’ Doctrine of the Person of Christ” 24.

[12] Walter R. Martin, The Kingdom of Cults (Minneapolis: Bethany Fellowship Inc., 1974), 75-77.

[13] Hoekemia, Jehovah’s Witnesses, 62.

[14] Ibid., 61-63.

[15] Ibid.

[16] Ibid.

[17] John McDowell and Don Stewart, The Deceivers (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, INC., 1982), 110.

[18]Hoekemia, Jehovah’s Witnesses, 65.

[19] Robert Morey, “Jehovah’s Witnesses and The Resurrection of Jesus” [on-line]; accessed 7 April 2010; available from http://www.jude3.net/JWRES.HTM; Internet.

[20] Vincent McCann, “The Resurrection of Jesus: Raised Bodily or as a Spirit Creature?” [on-line]; accessed 7 April 2010; available from http://www.spotlightministries.org.uk/jwjesusres.htm; Internet.

[21] John McDowell and Don Stewart, The Deceivers, 110.

[22] P. E. Hewitt, Russelism Exposed (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1941), 25.

[23] John McDowell and Don Stewart, The Deceivers, 111.

[24] P. E. Hewitt, Russelism Exposed (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1941), 25.

[25] Vincent McCann, “The Resurrection of Jesus: Raised Bodily or as a Spirit Creature?” 

[26] Hoekemia, Jehovah’s Witnesses, 66.

[27] Ibid.

[28] Ibid., 91

[29] Walter R. Martin , The Kingdom of Cults, 87.

[30] P. E. Hewitt, Russelism Exposed, 28.

[31] Kevin Quick, “The Return of Christ” [on-line] accessed 7 April 2010; available from http://www.kevinquick.com/kkministries/books/reasoning/return.html; Internet.

[32] Lorri McGregore, “Jehovah’s Witnesses and the Second Coming of Christ” [on-line]; accessed 7 April 2010; available from http://www.ankerberg.org/Articles/_PDFArchives/apologetics/AP2W1001.pdf; Internet.

[33] Kevin Quick, “The Return of Christ”.

[34] Hoekemia, Jehovah’s Witnesses, 91.

[35] James, “The Jehovah’s Witnesses’ Doctrine of the Person of Christ” 13.

[36] Ibid., 25.

[37] Ibid., 25-26.

[38] Walter R. Martin and Norman H. Klann, Jehovah of the Watchtower (New York: Biblical Truth Publishing Society, Inc., 1953), 49.

[39] Ibid., 51.